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  • Article from 26.02.2025 | Last changed: 27.02.2025

    Mobile air conditioning in rail vehicles

    modern high speed train in the city in winter

    … in rail vehicles The air-conditioning systems in the ICE 3 class 403 train use ambient air for cooling. Source: Deutsche Bahn AG Rail vehicles include local … systems based on hydrocarbons. One project focussed on air conditioning systems using propane as a refrigerant. A local train was equipped with a propane air … on the project can be found here . This type of system with propane is now being used in the long-distance train ICE 3neo. Associated content Links Climatizing …

  • Article from 08.01.2024 | Last changed: 09.01.2024

    Mobile air conditioning in cars, buses and railway vehicles

    Mobile air conditioning in cars, buses and railway vehicles An EU directive has banned the use of fluorinated … certain mobile air conditioning systems since Jan. 2011. It requires the previously used refrigerant tetrafluoroethane (R134a) to be replaced. Natural refrigerants are … Mobile air conditioning in buses Mobile air conditioning systems in buses are still using tetrafluoroethane (R134a), a greenhouse gas with a climate impact that is …

  • Article from 13.05.2020 | Last changed: 24.10.2023

    UNEP / UNESCO / BMUV Training Programme

    … countries (e.g. water, soil, waste, biodiversity, mobility, urbanization, land use, energy). The topics of these short courses vary from year to year. The teaching … countries (e.g. water, soil, waste, biodiversity, mobility, urbanization, land use, energy). The topics of these short courses vary from year to year. The teaching …

  • Article from 06.10.2015 | Last changed: 06.10.2015

    International cooperation

    … the natural resources on which human life depends. They include climate change, overuse of resources, biodiversity loss, the risks chemicals pose to human health and the environment, growing emissions from transport. The distribution and use of resources like oil, timber, metals or minerals can lead to conflicts between …

  • Article from 19.07.2024 | Last changed: 02.08.2024

    The Oder River under stress

    Photo from the river Oder

    … began in the Polish part of the Oder and continued downstream into Germany. The cause was a toxic brackish algae called Prymnesium parvum. last update on 19.07.2024 … of water protection. . Hot and dry summers resulting from climate change can cause such events in the Oder and other waters. Factors include changing environmental … and the brackish water algae Prymnesium parvum Algae blooms in water bodies are caused by many factors, including nutrient inputs like nitrogen and phosphorus from …

  • Article from 17.12.2012 | Last changed: 01.09.2013

    Integrated coastal zone management in Germany

    … an instrument, ICZM seeks to balance the various economic and social claims to the use of coastal areas (fishing, shipping, port operation, industry and commerce, … etc.) with the objectives of coastal zone protection (avoiding pollution, efficient use of the resource land, nature conservation, flood protection in German ). It … balancing economic use and protection of nature and the environment. Because of new uses, e.g. the planned installation of off-shore wind energy farms, the seas have …

  • Article from 10.12.2025 | Last changed: 10.12.2025

    Resource use in Germany

    Opencast mining with large machines

    Resource use in Germany Recycling keeps materials in circulation and saves primary … on 10.12.2025 The German Environment Agency has been publishing a report on the use of natural resources in Germany since 2016. After 2016 and 2018, a new "Resource …

  • Article from 12.12.2025 | Last changed: 12.12.2025

    Deprecated files & changes

    … as well as a documentation of program changes. last update on 12.12.2025 Always use the latest program version when carrying out dispersion calculations! Archived … (DMNA header entry "cset" on Windows systems) 2012-01-26: FAQ, new entry S17 (use of externally generated wind fields) 2011-09-13: Patch 2.5.1 (problem 2011-09-12 … and update information as well as a documentation of program changes. … Always use the latest program version when carrying out dispersion calculations! … …

  • Article from 12.12.2025 | Last changed: 12.12.2025

    FAQ

    … out the calculation? BESMAX only performs the calculation if the original flag library is available. Check that you have downloaded the flag library in full, … in the vicinity of a tall chimney if the mesh size is very small, as is usually used to improve the resolution of buildings: The model then records a sharply …

  • Article from 26.11.2025 | Last changed: 28.11.2025

    Known and resolved problems

    … abort on Windows 11 Description: Under Windows 11, BESMAX crashes sporadically when using multi-threading. A log file (hs_err_pid<...>.log) is then output by the JAVA … mode, volume flow wet and dry cannot be specified (error message). Workaround: Use the Besmin user interface or specify the parameters vq and zq instead of nf and …

  • Article from 22.06.2023 | Last changed: 22.06.2023

    Laws of environmental liability, harm and criminal actions

    dead bird in the water

    … takes place. Nevertheless, if environmental harm or harm to an individual caused by environmental media should occur, the law must also have a response in these … law in international environmental law. The authors therefore attempt to use the subsidiary and complementary state responsibility in the event of the … law Criminal law is the sharpest sword of any legal system. The legislature uses a penal provision to express a particular value judgement. In Germany penal …