This Handbook and the associated research report outlines a methodological concept for the procedure for selecting cost-effective combinations of measures in accordance with the Water Framework Directive, including the sample application thereof. The starting point for the methodology developed in this project is the inventory required by the end of 2004 under the Water Framework Directive. By recording the pressure situation and the respective polluters, this leads to the identification of potential combinations of measures and  supporting instruments. In the subsequent multi-stage trade-off process, the most cost-effective combination is ascertained, with due regard for the ecological effectiveness of these measure combinations, the likelihood of target achievement by 2015, the time scale for implementation,  and a prioritisation on the basis of operational and economic costs. This approach represents an initial recommendation for decision-making levels in the water industry.