, 
, 
, 
CMS Contaminated Military Site
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
DSS Exposure and Risk Assessment Decision Support System
ha hectare
HRS Hazard Ranking System
mill. million
PAH Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons
PCBs Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PIO_ State Environmental Protection Inspectorate (Pa_stwowa Inspekcja
Ochrony _rodowiska)
PZL Polish Zloty
POL Petrol, Oil, Lubricants
SCS suspected contaminated site
SMS Soviet Military Site
TSS Total Suspended Solids
USD United States Dollar
USEPA United States Environment Protection Agency
WAT Military Technical Academy (Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna)
Poland is a democratic country organised in a Central System; the President is
the Head of State; the Parliament comprises Upper House (Senat) and
Lower House (Sejm), the chief executive body is the Council of
Ministers. Its administrative division comprises 49 provinces (voivodships).
Each voivodship is divided into a number of communes (gminas). At the
end of 1994, 2,468 communes were registered. The population of Poland counts to
approx. 39 million people. Poland´s landsurface covers an area of 311,904
km2. Most of Poland is flat, only 3 % of its area lies above 500
metres.
Poland borders with the following countries:
· to the West: Germany,
· to the South: Czech Republic and Slovak Republic,
· to the East: Ukraine, Byelorussia, Lithuania and Russia.
The Baltic Sea forms the northern boundary of Poland.
At present, there are two principal types of military sites in Poland:
· military sites which belong to the Polish army, and
· military sites occupied by the Russian troops up till 1993.
The total number of Polish military sites is classified information.
Russian Federation Troops (formerly the Soviet Army) were stationed in Poland
from the end of the 2nd World War until the 17th of September 1993. The
troops operated at 59 bases (a base means a separate area where several
different units could have been stationed) covering a total area of
approximately 70,000 hectare (ha). The bases were mainly located in the western
and north-western part of Poland. Before 1945, the majority of the bases used
to be German military sites. After the war, they were taken over by Soviet
troops, who modernised and enlarged some of the sites. Modernisation works were
mainly focused on reconstruction of runways, construction of air-raid shelters
and special shelters, construction of fuel storage facilities and, last not
least, the housing areas.
There is no official definition of what is considered a military site. For the
purpose of this report, a military site is understood either as a site which in
the past was used and operated by Soviet or Polish troops or which still is
used by the Polish Army. Manufacturing facilities for production of weapons,
ammunition etc. are considered to be civilian sites and not subject of this
study.
In general, both Soviet Military Sites (SMSs) and Polish Military Sites are
categorized as follows:
· operational and reserve airfields,
· fuel storage depots,
· naval harbours,
· testing grounds,
· ammunition storage facilities,
· municipal garrisons.
At each site there were also barracks and permanent personnel dwellings, and
fuel storage areas.
There is no specific legal or administrative definition of contaminated soil
and groundwater; therefore, there is also no official definition of a
Contaminated Military Site (CMS).
In addition, there is no official understanding of what is to be considered a
suspected contaminated site (SCS). Therefore, for the purpose of this report, a
SCS is understood to be a site (or an area) which according to historical use
and/or disposal practices is potentially contaminated. Contamination means,
that anthropogenic contaminants have been introduced into the underground and
concentrations are therefore evlevated above natural background levels.
In Poland, it is perceived, that potentially contaminating activities are or
have been performed at any military site.
Legislative Framework
The Polish Constitution introduced in 1952 states in Article 17: "The citizens
of the Republic of Poland have the right to use the environment and the duty to
protect it". This is still in effect in the new Constitution dated 17 October
1992.
The Law on Protection and Conservation of the Environment (the "Environmental
Law") of 1980 is the prime regulation regarding environmental protection. The
Environmental Law is supplemented with Ordinances concerning air pollution
control, waste, noise, and fees and fines for use of the environment. The prime
legal document concerning water protection and regulating the use of water
resources is the Water Law issued in 1974 with accompanying Ordinances. Certain
aspects of land-use issues are regulated through the Law on Area Development
the new version of which was issued in 1995.
The only official list of contaminants' concentrations (heavy metals) in soil
is given in the Ordinance of 7 July 1986 issued by the Minister of Environment
on agricultural use of waste water. Some (non-binding) guidelines are, however,
present. There are, for example:
· Guidelines for Agricultural Soil Quality issued by the Institute of
Cultivation, Fertilisation and Pedology in Pu_awy;
· Classification of Groundwater Quality for Environmental Monitoring
issued by PIO_;
· the Ordinance on Quality of Water for Drinking and Commercial Use issued
in 1977 (amended in 1994), which is used as reference of groundwater quality.
· Methodology Guidelines for the Assessment of the Level of Contamination
of Soil and Groundwater with Petroleum Products and Other Chemical Substances
for Remediation Purposes issued in 1994 by PIO_.
The latter is the first comprehensive guideline including a list of a larger
set of contaminants which also accounts for site-specific data such as land-use
and soil permeability.
The main clauses relating to imposing an obligation of remediation are given in
the Environmental Law, Article 82 and 83 and the Ordinance on Land Surface
Protection (§ 3). These acts empower the Voivoda (head of the state
administration at Voivodship level) to issue a decision to either restore the
land surface (including soil) to appropriate conditions or to prevent further
deterioration of the environment in case there is a risk to human health.
However, the pre-conditions which are required for issuing such a decision are
not clearly defined in Polish law; in particular, the Law does not define the
meaning of "appropriate conditions" or "deterioration of environment".
Therefore, Voivodas typically only exercise their power to issue
requests for remedial action in cases of acute impact on used groundwater
resources.
Military sites and facilities have to adhere to the same environmental
legislation and requirements as any other potentially environment impacting
installation. This means, that - as explained below - voivodships have the
right to impose environmental requirements or actions on military sites, if
they feel there is the necessity to do so.
Administrative System and Responsibilities
Most of the environmental issues are administered at the voivodship level by
means of issuing administrative Decisions or Permits. Such Decisions or Permits
exist for all types of environmental impacts including air pollution control,
water abstraction, wastewater discharges, noise emissions, waste management
etc. The local governments (Gminas) too exercise some powers regarding
environmental protection.
Implementation of the voivodship´s decisions and compliance is monitored
by the PIO_ (the State Environmental Protection Inspectorate) at the voivodship
level. PIO_ representatives visit sites and undertake necessary surveys. PIO_
is headed at the national level by the Chief Inspector of Environmental
Protection and in each voivodship there is a Voivodship Inspectorate to deal
with the regional environmental issues. PIO_ reports to the Ministry of
Environment who is the supreme government body responsible for environmental
protection. The Ministry is the appeal body for Decisions issued by the
voivodships.
Former Soviet Military Sites
The Statute on Management of State Estates Taken Over from the Russian
Federation Army issued on 10 June 1994 regulates the question of ownership of
SMSs. According to this Statute, SMSs are to be managed by the Voivodas
until it is decided upon the final ownership.
Upon request, SMSs or selected areas can be transferred to either the
municipalities which desire so or to the Polish military. Remaining lands are
to be sold or leased to third parties. Responsibilities regarding securing
and/or cleaning up of contamination are stipulated in the purchasing or leasing
contracts. The state indemnifies new site owners from liabilities associated
with the former use of the land by Soviet Military, provided they were not
identified before signing the purchasing/leasing contract.
The remediation of former SMSs is supervised at national level by a special
"Interministerial Team for Overall Supervision and Monitoring of Remediation
Projects on Areas Formerly Used by Soviet Troops including the Monitoring of
Funding Programmes for These Works".
Polish Military Sites
The Environmental Office at the Ministry of Defence was established in early
1994. It formulates basic policy decisions, co-ordinates and controls
environmental protection measures, and provides general advice to the
respective personnel within the forces.
In general, site users are responsible for costs of investigations and securing
and/or clean-up measures on their sites. In most privatisation transactions in
Poland the purchasing party takes over all liabilities associated with a site.
However, usually site-specific agreements regarding environmental liabilities
are part of the purchasing contracts.
Based on the Environmental Law, a National Fund for Environmental Protection
and Water Management has been established. The Fund´s resources stem from
environmental fees and penalties and are used to finance environmental
protection measures and water management projects.
Former Soviet Military Sites
In 1995, the Council of Ministers adopted the national "Programme of
Remediation" which regulates the question of financing as follows:
· Financial means from the National Fund for Environmental Protection and
Water Management and the State Budget the "Programme of Remediation" will be
granted for urgent remediation works for protection of groundwater
resources;
· Other remediation works are expected to be financed largely by the new
site owners and users of former SMSs. Support by the National Fund for
Environmental Protection and Water Management and the State Budget is also
foreseen for these works, although such financial support will be much lower
than the one for the above mentioned priority projects and will be granted in
form of loans rather than actual grants.
According to Statute on Management of State Estates Taken Over from the Russian
Federation Army of 10 June 1994, the Voivodas managing former SMS can finance
environmental assessments and securing and/or clean-up measures on their SMSs
with the help of money from selling or leasing other sites which are not or not
much contaminated. Moreover, according to the Statute, the new land owner can
be exempted from environmental liabilities associated with past site uses which
were not apparent at the time of signing the purchasing contract. In that case,
the Polish state is responsible for securing and clean-up measures should they
become necessary. So far, foreign funds have not been used for financing
contamination assessments or clean-up measures on former SMSs. Poland, however,
is currently in the process of evaluating different options for using
international funds for cleaning up SMSs.
Former Soviet Military Sites
* General
Between 1991 - 1993, a state programme was executed aiming at investigation and
assessment of contamination occurring at the 59 former Soviet Military Sites.
The inspection of all 59 sites revealed that at 35 sites contamination was
likely. 21 SMSs were then selected for further investigation in order to better
assess damages. The selected sites included:
· all of the air fields with large fuel depots;
· all fuel depots;
· all testing grounds;
· ammunition storage facilities;
· a military harbour; and
· some barracks.
The sites subject to investigation works covered a total area of 60,000 ha
which is 86 % of the total surface of SMSs. The contamination profiles at SMSs
are summarized in Appendix 15-1.
* Soil Contamination
The investigations revealed that the prime contamination had been caused by
petroleum products. Petroleum products were found at all 21 SMSs although size
of the polluted areas and content of the petroleum products varied greatly
among the sites. Some contained chemical additives such as carboxylate,
phenols, polymer esters, organic nitrates, etc.
At 19 sites uncontrolled waste dumping areas were identified.
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Contamination involving harmful and toxic chemicals was present at five SMSs.
The contaminated areas were mainly at
· chemical storages;
· training areas of anti-chemical warfare defence troops; and
· burning pits.
At numerous SMSs phenols were identified.
Other contaminants found locally included PAH, phthalate, derivatives of
benzene, dicarboxylic acid, organo silicone compounds, halogenated
hydrocarbons, detergents, cresols, nitrates etc. The performed investigations
did not indicate any contanmination specific to chemical weapons nor any
radioactive substances. Heavy metals (in concentrations higher than the
background) were generally found at all inspected SMSs (Table 15-1).
* Contamination of Ground- and Surface Water
Groundwater of the top aquifer was contaminated at 20 SMS. The prime
groundwater pollutants are petroleum products and heavy metals. Concentration
of petroleum products in groundwater vary from minute values to 55,500 mg/l.
Concentrations and types of heavy metals are site-specific. Copper, nickel,
lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium are the most common. In comparison to the
reference values from the current Polish Ordinance on Quality of Water for
Drinking and Commercial Use, the heavy metal concentrations in the groundwater
were as follows:
· chromium: 1.9 - 600 times above the reference value
· lead: 1.5 - 310 times above the reference value
· mercury: 2 - 41 times above the reference value
· cadmium: 1.6 - 96 times above the reference value
· copper: 1.1 - 94 times above the reference value
· nickel: 1.2 - 85 times above the reference value.
Locally other heavy metals and chemicals were identified including aluminium,
detergents, nitrogen compounds, zinc, free cyanides, selenium, arsenic,
fluorides, silver. At most SMSs phenols and PAHs were found in the
groundwater.
At an area of 17,5 ha (out of 465 ha of all surface water which was
investigated) the surface water was found to be above the reference values of
the current Polish Ordinance. The parameters that were usually exceeded were
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), TSS (Total Suspended Solids), total Fe, and
several heavy metals including lead, copper, mercury, cadmium and zinc.
* Other Environmental Impacts
Degradation of the top soils was mainly found within trainig areas, although no
chemical pollution was found in these areas. The total area of damaged top soil
exceeded 25% of the total area that was inspected. The forested areas represent
approximately 63 % of the land. Damage of forested areas relate mostly to the
reduction of forest stand area and degradation of top-soil.
No investigations were carried out to assess the scope of presence of
unexploded ordnances at the former SMSs, although it is known that within at
least three of the testing grounds there are a lot of unexploded ordnances
originating from the Soviet troops, World War II and the time before including
World War I. Sporadically, unexploded ordnances were also located at air
fields. Site visits at several landfills also revealed the presence of
explosives, rifle ammunition and artillery ammunition as well as mines.
* Specific Contamination Profiles
The contamination profile of two particularly large SMSs is described in the
following:
· Borne Sulinowo: missile fuel SAMINA, nitric acid, organo
sulphuric compounds, disinfectants, phenols, solvents, derivatives of benzene,
dicarboxylic acid, cresols, hypochlorite, chloride, PCBs and others in small
quantities.
The site comprises approximately 18,000 ha; at the site there are a number of
fuel storage depots, chemical storage buildings, a missile fuel storage
building, a few solid waste dumping areas, an anti-chemical warfare defence
troops training area, a housing area, repair workshops for cars and tanks,
washing facilities for motor vehicles etc.
· _wi_toszów: PCBs, hexa chloramine, hypochlorite chloride
and others in small quantities.
The site comprises of approximately 15,000 ha; at the site there are a
fuel storage depot, a garrison and a testing ground, a number of petrol
stations, chemical storage buildings, and an anti-chemical warfare defence
troops training area.
* Summary
Summing up the results of the investigations, it was found that the
contaminated areas cover only approximately 1% of the total area of inspected
SMSs. As an effect of contaminant migration within the saturated zone, 10% of
the groundwater within the inspected area are now regarded as not suitable for
drinking or other domestic uses.
Polish Military Sites
Only limited works has yet been undertaken at Polish sites to register and
assess contamination of soil and groundwater. Surveys of petroleum products
storage depots at Polish military sites indicated that only few of the sites
were equipped with basic spill emergency facilities. Moreover, approx. 40 % of
POL (petrol, oil, lubricants) distribution facilities have been used for more
than 30 years without any protection measures. As a consequence, investigations
at sites (in particular airfields) of the Polish forces showed the presence of
contamination of both soil and water environment with fuel and lubricants.
The other source of soil and water contamination is wastewater generated at the
Polish military sites. 6% of sewage volume is discharged to so-called "dumping
grounds" without prior treatment. Significant amounts of poorly treated
wastewater are discharged into surface water resulting in degradation of their
quality.
Inspections of storage areas and areas where toxic or radioactive substances
are used or handled indicated neither any violation of Polish environment
protection regulations nor threat to people or the environment.
Former Soviet Military Sites
Until 1990, controls of areas occupied by the Soviet Army were performed very
rarely; usually, inspections only occurred as a follow up of a complaints by
the local population or in case of obvious and severe damages of or threats to
the environment in the site vicinity. Each time, the Headquarters of the
Northern Group of Soviet Forces had to approve the inspections.
In 1990, environmental inspections were performed by PIO_ at nine selected
sites. Despite difficulties in having full access to the sites, the obtained
results confirmed - what was suspected in the first place - the likelihood of
the presence of severe contamination within the area of the sites. It was then
considered necessary to perform systematic and detailed environmental
inspections of all the sites.
The Minister of Environment Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry engaged
PIO_ to perform the environmental assessment of sites occupied by the Soviet
Army and in the beginning of 1991, PIO_ initiated a project aiming at
systematic identification and assessment of environmental damage at the Soviet
Army sites in Poland. The major part of the project was performed in the period
of September 1992 to November 1993. Upon signing the Soviet Army withdrawal
agreement in May 1992, joint Polish-Russian inspections were made at all sites
and protocols were prepared referring to the environmental status of the sites.
The protocols are an integral parts of the property transfer documents of the
sites. Main purpose of the assessments was to identify SCS, to identify the
necessity for clean-up, to prioritize sites and to assess financial costs
associated with the clean-up.
Polish Military Sites
No systematic programme has yet been conducted to register and assess suspected
contaminated sites (SCS) at Polish military sites. Surveys have, however, been
undertaken by PIO_ at storage areas for chemicals and petroleum products. At
air fields, some investigations of soil and groundwater have shown the presence
of hydrocarbon contamination (see also Section 15.-5.0).
General
The current general approach to investigation of contaminated sites in Poland
is layed out in the guidance document "Methodology for the Investigation of
Existing Fuel Storage and Distribution Facilities to Assess Their
Environmental Impacts" issued by PIO_ in 1994. This guidance document provides
the following three step approach:
· preliminary assessment
· reviewing investigation
· detailed investigation
Additional work may be required in order to optimize remedial action. In
general, there are no significant differences with respect to the methods
employed for the investigation of civil sites in contrast to military sites.
In general, the preliminary assessment involves collating of existing
information on site-use and on the environmental, geological and
hydrogeological setting. Sites are visually inspected and the site visit may be
supported by simple field measurements including pH and organic vapours
detection. The preliminary assessment step does not involve a sophisticated
sampling programme to be carried out. At SMSs, the preliminary assessment also
involved the review of aerial photographs of the sites (1:10,000). As a result
of the preliminary assessment work, SCS are to be identified.
General
The preliminary assessment is followed by a reviewing investigation at the
areas that have been identified as SCS. Typically, the reviewing investigation
involves:
· limited sampling and analyses of soil, groundwater, surface water and
sewage
· field measurements
· detailed inspection of tanks located on-site
· geophysical investigations (e.g. a magneto-metric device for metal
objects located in the underground)
In case the results of the reviewing investigation reveal that significant
contamination is present, a detailed investigation is undertaken to identify
the necessity and scope of remedial action. This typically involves:
· sampling and more specific analytical testing;
· detailed hydrogeological investigation;
· modelling of potential migration of contaminants (can be supported by
computer modelling programmes); and
· risk assessment.
Former Soviet Military Sites
At SMSs, the reviewing and the detailed investigation involved
· drilling of boreholes and soil sampling: The samples were taken within
the SCS identified, at points indicated by local people and at sites where any
kind of earth works had been performed;
· physical-chemical analysis of the collected samples (analyses for toxic
combat chemicals were performed by specialised military labs);
· geochemical soil vapour surveys (Draeger-Stitz Probe);
· installation of a system of piezometers which was used to establish
direction and velocity of groundwater flow; and
· dosimetrical examination (radiation survey).
Formalized risk assessment procedures have not yet been applied at military
sites on Poland. In practice, remediation decisions even in cases of confirmed
significant contamination are undertaken rather rarely and are almost solely
due to acute impact on groundwater resources (see also Section 15.-10.0 which
presents the classification system for SMSs). However, a risk assessment system
which is based upon the USEPA method called Hazard Ranking System (HRS) is
currently tested by PIO_. (For details see Section 20 of this Study).
In case of contamination with petroleum products, PIO_ recommends the usage of
the DSS system (Exposure and Risk Assessment Decision Support System) which was
developed at the American Kerosene Institute. The DSS system takes into account
the following aspects:
· point of a potential contact with a substance in the environments air,
soil and water;
· cancerogenic risk and non-cancerogenic chronic influence of a substance
on human health through e.g. potable water, dust inhaling, etc.;
· current regulations on admissible and maximal doses of toxic and
hazardous substances.
In general, there are no binding guidelines or regulations regarding soil and
groundwater quality which can be readily applied in Poland to set clean-up
attainment goals. Consequently, clean-up attainment goals are defined on a
site-specific basis and must be approved by the responsible Voivoda.
As yet, various guidelines and criteria have been applied for setting clean-up
attainment goals, which include Western European standards, and especially the
Dutch List. Polish guidelines specifying concentration of contaminants in both
soil and groundwater were issued in 1994 by PIO_. i.e. only after the
assessment of contamination of former SMSs. The document is called "Methodology
Guidelines for the Assessment of the Level of Contamination of Soil and
Groundwater with Petroleum Products and Other Chemical Substances for
Remediation Purposes" and was revised in 1995. It is the first comprehensive
guideline which includes a list taking into account numerous contaminants and
site-specific data such as land-use and soil permeability.
The following groups of land-use are included in the guideline:
· protected areas, medicinal springs from which water is extracted,
groundwater protection zones;
· agricultural areas, forest areas, housing areas, rest & recreation
areas;
· air fields, testing fields, fuel storage facilities, industrial areas,
roads.
General
Remedial actions in Poland focuses on protecting potable groundwater resources.
Most of the remediation techniques currently applied in Poland for groundwater
are limited to different "pump and treat" methods. Remediation techniques
include:
· various "double pump" systems (contaminated water - petroleum
products) employed in one, two and multi well systems in different
configurations and dimensions;
· spill stabilisation by means of cut-off drainage systems or impermeable
walls or membranes;
· depression pumping to reverse flow conditions, especially when
contaminated site is adjacent to water reservoirs
· Installation of drainage barriers cutting groundwater flow and
installation of a withdrawal well.
Petroleum products are usually separated in batch tanks and contaminated
groundwater is treated in complex treatment systems containing separation
stages and bio-chemical filters. Depending on local conditions, treated
groundwater is discharged to surface waters or sprinkled or injected to soil
which allows the circulation of water and enables soil washing or
bioremediation, usually enhanced through nutrients, enzymes and bacteria.
Generally, most remediation activities at contaminated sites have yet involved
pumping of petroleum products from the groundwater table, extracting and
treating groundwater and re-infiltrating treated groundwater to decontaminate
the unsaturated zone. In addition, repeatedly soil gas extraction and
in-situ-soil bioventing techniques have been employed with either combustion or
treatment (e.g. adsorption onto activated carbon) of extracted gases.
Former Soviet Military Sites
The following actions have been suggested by PIO_ in order to mitigate the
Soviet troop´s environmental impacts:
· Remediation of soil-water environment contaminated with petroleum
product;
· Removal of petroleum products floating on the surface of groundwater or
present on the top of impermeable formation;
· Remediation of soil contaminated with chemicals;
· Groundwater treatment using mobile equipment;
· Surface water treatment using mobile equipment;
· Solid waste removal from surface water bodies;
· Reclamation of an area with damaged land surface (levelling,
fertilising, seeding with grass or afforestation);
· Waste dumping sites reclamation (closing down, waste shipment to a new
site, old site reclamation).
A detailed specification of the methods to be employed have not been developed
by PIOS. So far, remediation works have been performed for example at airfields
located in Brzeg, Bagicz and Kluczewo, and the military harbour in _winouj_cie.
Petroleum products storage depots were located at those sites and were
identified as the main sources of soil and groundwater contamination. The
applied remediation technique involved pumping both floating product and
groundwater and chemical treatment of the water.
Generally, methods applied at SMSs are the same as for contaminated civil
sites. However, a special problem at SMSs is posed by unexploded ordnances. As
yet, there has been no systematic investigation to assess the presence of
unexploded ordnances at the SMSs. At present, there are no means to fully clear
the SMSs from unexploded ordnances. Cleaning will be restricted to areas where
earth works are to be carried out in connection. The rest of the areas of
former SMSs will be treated alike remaining parts of Poland where annually
300,000 of unexploded ordnances from II World War are found and deactivated.
Polish Military Sites
The following actions are planned or have been already undertaken in order to
prevent further soil and water degradation at Polish CMS:
· installation of leakage monitoring systems at petroleum products and
chemicals storage depots;
· replacement of disused storage tanks and distribution facilities;
· sealing handling areas for petroleum products;
· installation of anti-oil dams, bilge water and sewage collection systems
at naval bases;
· safe processing of hazardous, toxic solid waste, recycling of reusable
materials;
· organisation of a monitoring network based on automatic contamination
measurements and wire data transmission;
· trees and shrubs planting at sites accommodation facilities.
In summary, remedial action has mainly been limited to installing measures
which prevent future damage. Works to decontaminate soil or groundwater
impacted in the past has virtually not been undertaken except for emergency
situations such as uncontrolled spills in areas of utilized groundwater
resources as - for example - it was the case at the Pila airfield, where
aircraft fuel had spilled. At Pila, a groundwater pump and treat system has
been installed.
Prioritising of sites is based on risk assessment performed for a site in the
view of its usage and importance of occurring problems. Such an approach allows
for more reasoned decision making, i.e. a site remediation should start
immediately or can be postponed and in the mean time certain securing measures
should be undertaken and monitoring system installed.
On the basis of assessed risk, the following groups of prioritising sites can
be distinguished:
· Sites where the decontamination process has to be carried out
immediately because of high risk posed to people.
· Sites suspected to be heavily contaminated. In these areas, a detailed
research is indispensable to recognise an area and a type of contamination.
· Sites on which detailed research and remediation would be necessary if
the land-use of the site was changed.
Former Soviet Military Sites
The report prepared by PIO_ in June 1994 grouped the sites according to the
following criteria, which reflects the approach to focus remedial efforts on
areas which pose an immediate risk to human health or used groundwater
resources:
· Group 1: It includes SMSs where large amounts of petroleum products
were located and where contaminated areas or waste dumping grounds are located
near water wells. It was concluded that containment measures should be started
immediately to mitigate the risk posed to used water resources.
In total, six sites were classified into Group 1.
· Group 2: It includes SMSs were removal of petroleum
products from soil should be undertaken in order to prevent future risks to
groundwater.
Three sites were classified to Group 2.
· Group 3: It includes eight SMSs where removal of petroleum
products from soil should be undertaken, though with lesser degree of urgency
than sites belonging to Group 2 and two sites where cut-off drainage should be
constructed.
· Group 4: It includes one site where removal of petroleum
products from soil should be undertaken, 16 sites where landfills should be
remediated and 5 sites where surface water bodies should be cleaned up.
The system takes into account that sites can belong to more than one group.
Furthermore it was proposed, that the final remediation following the immediate
containment measures for Group 1 und 2 sites should be carried out according to
future land-use.
Polish Military Sites
As for any other contaminated sites in Poland, remedial action would need to be
undertaken at first at sites, where contamination poses a risk to human health
or used water resources, as it is the case at Pila airfield, for example, as
outlined in Section 15.-9.0.
No specific health and safety measures have been established for working on CMSs.
Former Soviet Military Sites
Costs of cleaning up former SMSs were estimated at the assumption that
contaminated areas should be completely restored, i.e. their original status
should be achieved, although it was acknowledged that there will be neither the
possibility nor the necessity to achieve that status. In fact, an intended
future usage of the land will determine the scope of clean-up.
The unit costs of some securing techniques and remediation works are presented
in Table 15-2 and are based on the following assumptions:
· contaminants are present no deeper than 20 metres below the surface;
· an area is considered as clean if 90 - 95 % of contaminants are
removed;
· the costs for remediation of soil contaminated with chemicals were
estimated on the base of comparative analysis;
The largest share in remedial costs would be clean-up of soil contaminated with
petroleum products and clean-up of groundwater; it has been assumed that costs
of remediation of 1 m3 of soil contaminated with petroleum
products were 15 - 400 USD.
Considering site specific conditions, it has further been assumed that average
(per m³) cost of clean-up of permeable soil was 60 USD (1.2 mill PZL in
December 1992) and of consolidated material was 200 USD (4.0 mill PZL in
December 1992).
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Cost of remediation of 1 m3 of groundwater by means of container
type treatment facilities was assumed to range from 100 thousands PZL to 500
thousands PZL. For the calculations the value of 100 thousands PZL was used
which represented costs of using facilities available in the Polish Army.
Overall ecological damage to the investigated sites has been assessed to be
approx. 2.40 billion USD. For the immediate implementation of urgent
operations aimed at securing and the remediation of the sites, a total of
about USD 104 million is needed.
The Scientific Research Committee (Komitet Bada_ Naukowych) arranges financial
support for developing modern technologies and techniques including those for
soil and groundwater remediation. A number of new remediation techniques is now
being tested at laboratory or pilot scale.
For example, the following techniques have been recently tested:
· application of surfactants for washing of soil contaminated with
petroleum products;
· removal of hydrocarbons from contaminated soil by means of desorption;
and
· sorption of oil-tart substances on the surface of fine stone coal and
separation of oily coal from the soil and water by means of flotation.
However, in Poland there is still a significant demand for new remediation
technologies.
Adamek, M., Ko_lacz, R., Zieli_ski, W.: "Wskazówki metodyczne
wykonywania rekultywacji gruntów i wód podziemnych
zanieczyszczonych produktami naftowymi", MO_ZNiL 1995 (Methodology
guidelines for remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with petroleum
products)
Anderson, G., Cummings, S., Jasi_ski, P., _lesi_ski, J.: Prywatyzacja a
Polityka Ochrony _rodowiska. Uwagi i wnioski konferencji w Starych Jab_onkach,
13-15 marca 1995 `Ekologiczne aspekty prywatyzacji w okresie transformacji
gospodarczej' (Privatisation and Environmental Protection Policy. Comments
and Conclusions of the Conference held in Stare Jab_onki, March 13-15, 1995
`Environmental Aspects of Privatisation in the Period of Transformation of
Economy), Biuro Studiów i Ekspertyz Kancelarii Sejmu. 1995
Gonera, P.: Finansowanie rekultywacji ze _rodków WFO_iGW w Poznaniu
(Financing of clean-up from the Voivodship Fund of Environmental Protection
and Water management in Pozna_), conference materials Usuwanie
zanieczyszcze_ naftowych z gruntów i wód podziemnych - rezultaty"
(Remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with petroleum products -
results), Pozna_. 7-12 June 1995
Ko_cielniak, S.: Wprowadzenie do tematu symposium (Introduction of the
subject of symposium), conference materials, Usuwanie zanieczyszcze_
naftowych z gruntów i wód podziemnych - rezultaty"
(Remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with petroleum products -
results), Pozna_. 7-12 June 1995
Lisik, R., So_tysik, J.: Ocena zanieczyszczenia pod_o_a produktami
ropopochodnymi na terenie by_ej bazy JAR w Bornem-Sulinowie woj. koszali_skie
(Assessment of land contamination with petroleum products at former Soviet
Military Site in Borne-Sulinowo), conference materials, Zanieczyszczenia,
ska_enia wód i gruntów produktami ropopochodnymi. Ocena
zagro_enia, metody ich likwidacji (Soil and groundwater contamination with
petroleum products. Assessment of the threat and clean-up methods), Kiekrz.
June 1993
Marszalik, K.: Environmental Protection in the Polish Armed Forces. Defense
Environmental Conference'95, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. May 1995
Neffe, S., Spycha_a, A.: Problemy niewybuchów i zanieczyszcze_
chemicznych w rekultywacji terenów wojskowych (Problems of unexploded
ordnances and chemical contamination regarding clean-up of military sites),
conference materials Usuwanie zanieczyszcze_ naftowych z gruntów i
wód podziemnych - rezultaty" (Remediation of soil and groundwater
contaminated with petroleum products - results), Pozna_. 7-12 June 1995
PIO_: Wskazówki metodyczne do oceny stopnia zanieczyszczenia
gruntów i wód podziemnych produktami ropopochodnymi i innymi
substancjami chemicznymi w procesach rekultywacji (Methodology guidelines
for assessment of the level of contamination of soil and groundwater with
petroleum products and other chemical substances for remediation purposes).
1995
PIO_: Wskazówki metodyczne wykonywania bada_ na terenie istniej_cych
obiektów magazynowania i dystrybucji paliw w celu sporz_dzenia oceny
odzia_ywania na _rodowisko (Methodology for the Investigation of Existing
Fuel Storage and Distribution Facilities to Assess Their Environmental
Impacts). 1994
PIO_: Identyfikacja i wycena szkód ekologicznych spowodowanych przez
stacjonujace w Polsce wojska Federacji Rosyjskiej. Raport ko_cowy
(Identification and evaluation of ecological damages caused by troops of
Russian Federation Army staying in Poland. The final report). June 1994
PIO_: Guide-Book of Ecological Damages and Remediation Works at the Areas
Abandoned by Stationing in Poland Russian Federation Troops. 1995
Rybka, S., Zdobys_aw, S.: Zanieczyszczenia naftowe w rejonie lotniska w Pile
oraz propozycje ich likwidacji (Contamination with petroleum products at the
air-field in Pi_a and proposed remediation), conference materials,
"Zanieczyszczenia, ska_enia wód i gruntów produktami
ropopochodnymi. Ocena zagro_enia, metody ich likwidacji" (Soil and
groundwater contamination with petroleum products. Assessment of the threat and
clean-up methods), Kiekrz. June 1993
Spycha_a, A., Neffe, S., Bil, J.: Ocena zanieczyszczenia _rodowiska
gruntowo-wodnego substancjami ropopochodnymi na terenach opuszczonych przez
wojska Federacji Rosyjskie (Assessment of petroleum products contamination
at former Soviet Military Sites) , conference materials, "Zwi_zki
Ropopochodne - kryteria i metodyka oceny ska_enia" (Petroleum compounds -
criteria and methodology of contamination assessment), Karwice. 13-15 April
1994
Szulc. R.: Rezultaty prac oczyszczajacych grunty i wody podziemne z
zanieczyszcze_ naftowych prowadzone przez EKOKONREM na terenie bazy paliw
p_ynnych opuszczonej przez wojska Federacji Rosyjskiej w _winouj_ciu
(Results of clean-up works carried-out by EKOKONREM at the former Soviet
Army fuel storage facility in _winouj_cie), conference materials Usuwanie
zanieczyszcze_ naftowych z gruntów i wód podziemnych - rezultaty"
(Remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with petroleum products -
results), Pozna_. 7-12 June 1995
Contamination Profile at Former Soviet Military Sites in Poland
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